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====== Securing access to Microsoft Exchange 2013 EAC ======

The coexistence of the Exchange 2013 Administration Console (EAC) with the other Exchange website virtual directories represents a considerable security vulnerability for any organization that installs it using the out-of-box defaults. Since most organizations need Outlook Anywhere and EWS to be Web-facing, and usually OWA too, the EAC will also end up being publicly accessible – inadvisable security practice in itself, even more so for another important reason that I will explain. The EAC uses the IIS Virtual Directory /ecp which has other non-admin functions for normal email users, so it is not really desirable to try to limit access to it. Besides, an Exchange Service Pack or Cumulative Update is quite likely to reset the Virtual Directory settings and permissions later anyway. Now that the Exchange Management Console application has been retired, it is not practical to completely disable EAC unless you especially enjoy PowerShell, so we need to find a way to harden the server.

The problem is that the Domain’s built-in Administrator account does not have the Active Directory account lockout policy applied to it, so the EAC can simply be brute-force attacked if this account has access to the EAC or indeed OWA. One mitigation against this vulnerability is to make sure that the domain’s built-in Administrator account has all Exchange remote access disabled, and that a separate user account is used for day-to-day management. It is probably best to also disable the mailbox entirely to reduce the chance of someone accidentally re-enabling any of this in the EAC later.

<code bash>
Set-CASMailbox Administrator -OWAEnabled $false -ECPEnabled $false -ActiveSyncEnabled $false -OWAforDevicesEnabled $false -EwsEnabled $false -ImapEnabled $false -PopEnabled $false

Disable-Mailbox Administrator
</code>

Note that merely disabling the Administrator mailbox (without the first step of amending the access) offers no protection – the ECP can still be accessed and you won’t be able to use the Set-CASMailbox cmdlet, since no mailbox object exists.

**There is still a big security problem though.**Since the authentication is being handled by IIS the usernames are not being screened, and so a user encounters an HTTP 403 error when they are barred from using ECP but have been authenticated successfully (even if you remove the Administrator account from the ‘Organization Management’ Exchange Security Group), so the brute-force attacker can saturate the server with logon requests and precisely determine when they have cracked the Domain Admin credentials. Although these credentials cannot be used remotely if the above mitigation steps have been taken, the attacker can still use them later to fully penetrate the organization via other means: social engineering, physically entering the building etc.
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